His career is incredibly demanding—he is on the faculty of both the business and law schools at Chapman University. But the hard work pays off: Smith’s research is consistently ranked as the most-cited work produced at the school—a testament to his ongoing influence and success. He manages both jobs and his research work while cowriting books and traveling around the country delivering lectures.

It’s a remarkable level of productivity, made all the more remarkable by one simple fact: Vernon Smith is 96 years old.

Smith, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences at age 75, says he feels the same passion as he did when he embarked on his career more than seven decades ago.

“Except for the fact that I don’t actually do experiments myself anymore—my coauthors do those—I think I’m as good or better than ever, partly because I have knowledge across several areas that my younger [colleagues] are in the process of acquiring themselves,” Smith says. “So we’re a good match.”

What accounts for Smith’s extraordinary capabilities as he nears 100? Why is he thriving while so many of his contemporaries are grappling with physical and mental decline?

And what can we do to ensure that our 90s and beyond are just as fulfilling?

Researchers are attempting to answer these questions by studying people like Smith, who is one of 1,600 participants in the University of California, Irvine’s 90+ Study, a research project examining successful aging and dementia in people 90 years and older. Scientists and gerontologists are recruiting individuals who demonstrate remarkable memory and evaluating their physical health and lifestyles. The researchers observe the brains of their subjects using MRIs and scans, test for biological markers and conduct postmortem studies on those who have donated their brains after death (many study participants do)—all in an effort to understand this small but extraordinary group of men and women who, like Smith, are categorized as “super agers.”

A “super ager” is someone over 80 with an exceptional memory—one at least as good as a person 20 to 30 years younger.

Many people think they have good memories, but super agers are actually quite rare, says cognitive neuroscientist Emily Rogalski, who leads the SuperAging Research Initiative across five cities around the United States and Canada. Less than 10 percent of the individuals who sign up to participate in her studies have the memory and mental capacity to meet the scientific criteria for being super agers, she says.

“We don’t often celebrate what’s going right in aging, only what’s going wrong,” says Rogalski, who was one of the first researchers to use the term “super ager.” “We’re still at the beginning of this journey, but super agers provide a great opportunity for teaching us quite a bit.”

It’s a critical mystery to crack. As 73 million boomers hit their 80s, and medical advances expand the opportunity to live longer and longer lives, conquering the onset of dementia has never been more important. “Brain aging needs to match longevity,” says Matt Huentelman, who leads genetics studies for the SuperAging Research Initiative. “Today your body may make it to 100, but your brain poops out at 80.”

Most of us have brains that will age and change in similar and predictable ways. Memory peaks between the ages of 30 and 40. Overall brain volume begins to atrophy in our 50s, particularly in the areas of the brain linked to complex thought processes and learning. Changing hormones, deteriorating blood vessels and difficulty managing blood glucose—the brain’s primary fuel—lead us toward the cognitive decline associated with aging. These factors explain why we may have trouble retrieving a word or remembering a name to match a face as we get older, and why multitasking and processing new information become more challenging.

But the brains of super agers don’t behave this way. Among the differences:

That is, they shrink at a slower rate than the brains of similarly aged people and maintain volume in the areas associated with memory and focus. The SuperAging Research Initiative team identified a potential “brain signature” for super agers: They found that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which impacts thinking, memory and decision-making, is thicker in super agers—sometimes thicker even than in most people in their 50s and 60s. In some super agers, the brain regions linked to memory storage and retrieval were so well preserved that they were indistinguishable from young adults, says Brad Dickerson, a behavioral neurologist and director of the Frontotemporal Disorders Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.

The neurons around the brain responsible for memory are significantly larger in super agers than in their peers, and even compared with individuals 20 to 30 years younger. These neurons tend to be free of “tau tangles,” the webs of tangled proteins that collect inside neurons in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease and other kinds of dementia.

They contain a higher volume and density of spindle-shaped “von Economo neurons,” cells that have been linked to social intelligence and awareness. These cells help facilitate rapid communication across the brain, providing an enhanced ability to navigate the outside world.

These factors seem to combine in a way that keeps the brains of super agers from declining with age—and we’re not just talking about what happens in their 80s and 90s. In 2016, Dickerson’s team gave younger super agers, ages 60 through 80, a list of 16 unrelated words, which they were asked to repeat back 20 minutes later. An average 25-year-old can usually recall 14 words, and the average 75-year-old will remember nine words. But super agers in the study remembered just as many words as the 25-year-olds. Another study found similar results: Super agers who took a tough memory task test while in an MRI scanner were able to learn and recall new information as well as study participants who were 25 years old.

Why are super agers resistant to age-related decline, to the point where their brains at age 90 function better than the average 60-year-old's? Three factors may be at play:

It’s not that their brains don’t age; it’s that super agers seem to be able to overcome the wear and tear that cognitively average people succumb to—age-related issues such as inflammation or clogged blood vessels. Postmortem studies of the brains of super agers reveal that some have the clinical pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, but never experience any of the symptoms.

That is, some brains may have an added power that allows them to keep functioning well despite the presence of disease or the markers of cognitive decline. Since longer life and healthier cognition seem to run in families, it may be that this ability is genetic, but scientists don’t yet know. That said, genes are like programs on a computer: Having those super ager genes is the first step, but genes can be “turned on” or “turned off” by environmental factors and lifestyle choices.

People with higher education levels or greater career attainment tend to have greater cognitive reserve, says Yaakov Stern, professor of neuropsychology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, who studies this aspect of brain health. But we don’t know whether educational and career success increase the chance of becoming a super ager, or whether the natural cognitive advantages of these folks simply make them more likely to succeed. Interestingly, a recent study conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital at Harvard Medical School found that higher educational achievement and more years of schooling could act as a protective factor and slow down cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s even in individuals with strong genetic risks for dementia.

On the other hand, it may be that the natural mental abilities of super agers make them more likely to set off on advanced studies or successful career trajectories, or to grab those late-career brass rings. It’s one of the factors researchers plan to study when looking at the impact of socioeconomics on super aging.

This may be the big one. Several clues are starting to emerge that draw parallels between the lifestyles of super agers. Healthy-aging researchers have identified four common habits:

While myriad studies underway are probing the biological, genetic and scientific underpinnings of super agers, lifestyle and environment remain significant and consistent factors that most likely contribute to superior aging.

In addition to maintaining the above four habits, super agers make other lifestyle choices that seem to have an impact. Eating Mediterranean style (lots of produce, not too much red meat), daily exercise and actively managing stress levels and mental health issues are all shown to have a positive effect on cognition. Conversely, studies have documented the negative impacts of loneliness and social isolation, and even poor hearing and vision, on cognitive health. Passively sitting back watching television? Not on the list of things to do if you want to be a super ager.

A strong social network doesn’t mean you’ll never get Alzheimer’s disease, Rogalski says. But maintaining strong social networks could be on the list of healthy choices, like eating a certain diet and not smoking. [See “7 Secrets of the Super Agers.”]

Researchers concede there is much they still don’t know about what makes a super ager. For example, the medical problems and health-related concerns of super agers are comparable to the health profiles of normal agers. According to Rogalski, studies have shown that the use and types of medications super agers take are pretty much the same as those used by people with average memory for their age. And there are super agers who have a range of diseases, from lymphoma to osteoarthritis; many use wheelchairs, despite their excellent cognitive health.

“Not all cognitive super agers are also physically exceptional,” says researcher Angela Roberts of the Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging.

Roberts and her team have been collecting data on lifestyle factors by attaching wearable sensors to study super agers. Though findings are preliminary, they show that super agers in the study do 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, some as much as 90 minutes, which is well above the 150 minutes a week that’s generally recommended for older adults. Sensors also show that super agers tend to get more high-quality, uninterrupted regular sleep than non-super agers.

Researchers are starting to look at other factors, including the vascular and cardiac health of super agers versus non-super agers, given that vascular health is critical to how the brain ages. Researchers suspect that the cardiovascular systems of super agers may be more “dynamic” than those of typical people their age. They also hypothesize that super agers may have a protective pathway of sorts that may affect the development of dementia and other aspects of health.

“The idea is as we age, our entire system becomes less dynamically responsive,” Roberts says. “We are exploring the genetic and lifestyle factors that help people age exceptionally from a cognitive perspective.”

Some scientists say the best chance of understanding super agers may come from studying the oldest of this cohort. That’s the premise behind the SuperAgers Family Study, which was started last year, led by the American Federation for Aging Research and Albert Einstein College of Medicine in collaboration with Boston University School of Medicine. It has an ambitious goal: to enroll 10,000 individuals who are 95 and older—and their children. The mission is to identify inherited and behavioral and environmental factors that protect against human aging and related diseases as individuals near the century mark.

About 1 in 4,000 Americans are 100 or older, according to Census Bureau statistics. Some of these individuals have the cognitive functioning of people who are 30 years younger, says Thomas T. Perls, a geriatrician at Boston University and founder and director of the New England Centenarian Study.

“They’re the crème de la crème of our population,” Perls says. “What’s special in these people is that they have some protective genes that slow aging and decrease the risk for age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s.”

Indeed, findings from a recent study of centenarians in the Netherlands show that if someone reaches 100 with their cognitive abilities intact, they are likely to remain cognitively superior, except for a slight memory loss. This was true even if an examination of their brains after death showed the tau and amyloid plaque associated with Alzheimer’s.

Turning 100 was a big deal for Boca Raton, Florida, super ager Phil Horowitz and his family, including his two children, six grandchildren, five great-grandchildren, and a far-flung network of nieces and nephews. (Disclosure: Horowitz, now 102, is this writer’s uncle.)

Longevity runs in Horowitz’s family. His mother died at 104; his four siblings lived well into their 90s—the youngest, a set of twins, are both still alive at 100. But none have the cognitive health or vitality that Horowitz does. The centenarian retired to Florida years ago with his wife, Estelle, who died two years ago. Now he lives alone, but his children fly down often, and his grandson who lives nearby visits all the time. Horowitz plays poker and teaches Yiddish once a week to a group of residents in his assisted living facility.

Last year, Horowitz completed his memoir, written in longhand cursive (he admits he started on a computer, then mistakenly erased everything and decided to go the old-fashioned route). “I have a good memory for dates,” he says, “so I decided to write my memoir chronologically starting when I was 7 years old.”

At 91, Frances Ito packs her schedule with gardening, online tai chi, weekly jam sessions with other musicians, art projects, Bible class via Zoom, volunteering at her church, exercise and moviemaking—which she took up in her late 70s. During the pandemic, Ito discovered the joy of reading and finished 20 books (“biographies, nonfiction and histories”).

Despite cardiac issues and a few other health problems, Ito’s vitality and engagement earned her a spot in the University of Southern California's super agers program. From learning the ukulele—an homage to her home state of Hawaii—to growing fruits and vegetables on her drought-resistant front lawn, Ito refuses to surrender to aging. She’s having too much fun. Her latest film, The Purpose Driven Life, about her experiences as a super ager, was released in May.

“I think the secret is attitude,” Ito says of her cognitive health.

Perhaps. What we do know is that becoming a super ager is the result of a complex combination of factors that account for superior memory and cognitive health.

“The hard part is proving it,” says Claudia Kawas, an investigator for the 90+ Study. “Everyone wants it to be one thing, like blueberries or crossword puzzles. I don’t think it’s that simple. A good diet matters. Get as much education as you can. It doesn’t mean Nobel laureates don’t get Alzheimer’s, but at a lower rate. It confers lifelong prevention through some mechanism that we don’t understand yet.”

Currently, there is no way to predict who will be a super ager with any degree of certainty when someone is younger—40, 50 or even 60. “Those are open questions at this point—but future directions for sure,” Huentelman says. More likely is that within the next decade, researchers will learn which genes may play a role in making someone a super ager to better understand the optimal pathways for aging well, and ways we can slow or prevent age-related diseases such as dementia. “We will know how they stay on that course and what components might be identifiable based on lifestyle and other factors,” Roberts says.

Look at Nobel winner Vernon Smith, who has spent his life working on economic theorems and academics and has three degrees, including a doctorate from Harvard in economics. His passion remains his profession. Despite his enormous workload, he wouldn’t consider retiring.

“Why would I do that?” Smith says. “I’d just do the same thing I’m doing now and wouldn’t get paid for it. I have an ancestor who lived to be 105. I want to live at least to 106.”