Medical Marijuana: Your Questions Answered and What We Know Today

4. Edibles only seem low-risk

Hey, it’s just candy, right? But that rainbow-hued gummy bear or little chocolate square could contain 10 milligrams of THC, plus CBD. That’s three to four times the amount experts recommend for older adults. “Edibles take from 30 minutes to four hours to take effect. It’s easy to eat more because you aren’t feeling anything after a few minutes,” says Danielle Fixen, an assistant professor in the University of Colorado’s pharmacy school. “But then the effects last six to eight hours.”

5. There’s not enough good science about the effect on humans

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And the main reason for that research gap is that at the federal level, cannabis — medical or recreational — is an illegal Schedule I controlled substance, legally on par with heroin, LSD and street fentanyl. That’s why doctors can’t technically prescribe it; they can only give you state-required permission to use it. More important, scientists can’t buy it at a dispensary and study it in most labs. That research gap means only a handful of the common uses of cannabis are backed by substantial evidence from human clinical trials, according to a rigorous 2017 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM). Other popular uses — including for dementia, cancer, fibromyalgia, glaucoma, depression and even insomnia — are less solid, the NASEM experts say. Their bottom line (albeit two years old): “Conclusive evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects (harms and benefits) of cannabis use remains elusive.”

Under federal law, all cannabis is illegal to sell, possess or use. The feds, however, are reluctant to enforce the prohibition in the face of mounting support by states. Thirty-three states (plus the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) permit medical marijuana for qualifying patients; a doctor’s certification and patient card are generally required. State laws differ on such critical questions as who can grow it, who can sell it and what health conditions qualify. Eleven states and the District of Columbia allow recreational marijuana use.

Under federal law, CBD (cannabidiol) derived from marijuana, which contains the psychoactive ingredient THC, is illegal; hemp-derived CBD that contains no more than 0.3 percent THC is legal to sell and consume — though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it is illegal to market CBD in food and supplements. Thirteen states have passed laws allowing the sale of CBD/low THC products. Details vary: Check your state’s laws for the latest info. For more information see the National Conference of State Legislatures.

6. Marijuana’s stoner stigma persists

Whether it’s a holdover from America’s decades-long war on drugs or pot’s still-illegal federal status, many older proponents of medical marijuana continue to hide their use. The lingering stigma associated with pot keeps some people from telling their doctor, too, says Hillary Lum, a geriatrician and associate professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “In a recent survey, 30 percent of older adults didn’t answer the question about whether or not they used medical marijuana,” she says. “If people feel uncomfortable with it on an anonymous survey, they may also feel uncomfortable telling their doctor. That could have ramifications for their health.”

7. Many doctors are in a quandary

Half of the primary care doctors working at Mayo Clinic medical offices said in a 2019 survey that they weren’t prepared to answer patients’ questions about medical marijuana — even though 58 percent believed it was a legitimate medical therapy for terminal illnesses, untreatable pain and cancer symptoms.

That hasn’t stopped some users — especially older adults — from approaching their doctors.

“My patients want to talk about it,” Lum says. “But I’m in an information vacuum. We don’t have many clinical studies to show effectiveness. Medical schools, pharmacy schools and nursing schools haven’t taught it. It’s not in the pharmacy database we use for prescribing, so I don’t have a lot of information about potential drug interactions and side effects.”

A few institutions have declined to embrace its use. The Cleveland Clinic announced it would not recommend medical marijuana to its patients when it became legal to buy in Ohio in January. Says Paul Terpeluk, a doctor of osteopathic medicine and medical director of the Cleveland Clinic’s Employee Health Services, “We’re just beginning to understand the effects of cannabinoids in the body. We do not believe states should be in the business of regulating and promoting medications.”

But other doctors prefer not to create obstacles to medical marijuana use. Peter Grinspoon, a primary care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and a Harvard Medical School instructor, took the unusual step of getting trained so he could certify his patients as medical marijuana users. 

“I grew up with this, so it’s hard not seeing it as medicine,” Grinspoon explains. His father, the Harvard psychiatrist Lester Grinspoon, is considered the “grandfather of medical marijuana” and wrote a book about the history and cultural use of medical marijuana in the 1970s; there’s even a marijuana strain in Europe named after him. His brother used marijuana while battling leukemia, too.

“It makes sense to try cannabis when you consider the track record of other medications a lot of older adults take, especially for pain, sleep and anxiety,” Grinspoon says. “Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen and naproxen can affect your kidneys, threaten your heart and cause gastrointestinal bleeding. Few people want to be on opiates — they haven’t proven to work well for long-term relief, you get constipated and they can be addictive. Sleep and anxiety drugs can leave you sedated and may affect memory. Cannabis can be as effective as anything.”

Even nursing homes are experiencing a profound shift toward acceptance. One program at the Hebrew Home in Riverdale, New York, allows residents to use cannabis capsules or cannabis oil drops and has found that it eases pain, improves appetite and even reduced one resident’s opioid use. The program stays compliant with federal rules by having residents buy and administer cannabis themselves or with the help of a caregiver who’s not on the home’s staff.

“The benefits are nothing short of amazing and should be more widely available to residents of long-term care facilities,” says Daniel Reingold, the CEO of RiverSpring Health, which operates the Hebrew Home. The nursing home is now leading a group of nonprofit long-term care facilities in several states planning to launch a large study this fall of medical marijuana’s effects in older adults.

(Note: The purchase of medical marijuana from a dispensary is not covered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Medicare, Medicaid or private insurance, though in some cases all may cover FDA-approved prescription drugs, such as Marinol, that are based on cannabis.)